مکتب

تعریف انگلیسی

Each school of thought and every thinker throughout history has emphasized at least two concepts which, to put it philosophically, mark the field of psychology: cognition and humanity. All philosophical schools have dealt with the concept of cognition and expressed a perspective on humanity along with other viewpoints.

In the history of the West, we are generally confronted with two fundamental schools: the primacy of mind and the primacy of sensation.

According to the definition of psychology as a science, the subject of inquiry, methods of cognition, examination, research, and other fundamentals, schools can be classified into structuralist and process-oriented approaches based on the subject of inquiry: functionalism, behaviorism, and phenomenology are process-oriented, while Gestalt psychology, psychoanalysis, and constructivism fall under structuralism.

Gestalt: The whole is different from the sum of its parts because the whole is subject to the relationships between its parts, meaning the interaction between the elements changes the whole (Gestalt) and is only explicable through an interactive perspective.

Behaviorism: Behavior, in its simplest explanation, is conditioned and influenced by the environment, resulting from the reinforcement of specific habits.

Psychoanalysis: In this school, we encounter the interaction of emotions, subconscious thoughts, and motivations and desires in the formation of personality. Apart from the motivation for interaction from needs, thoughts, and bonds, emphasis on the term "instinct" in psychoanalysis highlights the interactive nature of temperament in personality formation.

Functionalism: Emphasizing the fluidity of consciousness and attention to its adaptation to the environment, environmental factors also influence its adaptability. Environmental factors are regarded as roots in interactionist perspectives, being influential factors. In other words, in this school, the interaction of the environment with the process of consciousness is the subject of psychology.

Biopsychology: Biological neural processes underlie behavior and mental processes. The biological approach focuses on the interaction of emotions, thoughts, and actions.

Phenomenology: It emphasizes self-realization based on social perceptions in each individual. Here, emphasis is placed on the interaction necessitating uniqueness with bonds.

Constructivism: Essentially, it stops psychological examinations at the elements. In other words, it emphasizes grasping something that names them as bases in the interactive perspective, as the essence of constructivism is the emphasis on understanding the basics of interaction without negating interaction and denying its existence. (Perhaps more than any other school, constructivism emphasizes experience and analysis based on elements in its own language and emphasizes the bases in the language of interactive school.)