The hexahedral paradigm of creative personality

"We sent down abundant water from the clouds, bringing forth grain and varied plants, and gardens thick with foliage." "The holy Koran"

:The hexahedral paradigm of creative personality

"A review of sixty years of literature for the 21st century"

Nasseroddin Kazemi Haghighi

Abstract Literature of the sixty years of creative personality for the outlook in the 21st century has been reviewed. More than 600 sources have been searched and added up. On the basis of the outcomes of this study , the author suggests a hexahedral paradigm which can be regarded as a base of study for creative personality in the 21st century .The paradigm includes motivation characteristics, special way of thought , experimental conditions , dynamism , distinct environmental considerations, and individual characteristics .It is formed as a pair in an internal complicated process and finally is integrated and combined as a phenomenon with emotional, affective, and cognitive nature. As far as the author concludes, this phenomenon can be the base of creativity manifestation.

Do not seek the water, (but) get thirst, so that the water may gush forth from above and below. The cloud of (Divine) mercy is full of the water of Kawthar. If the cloud apparently has a sour face, (yet) the cloud is the bringer-on of the rose-garden and the destroyer of the nitrous (barren) soil. Know that the thought of sorrow is like the cloud. Every day, too, at every moment a (different) thought comes, like an honored guest, into thy bosom. When this stream has become extremely rapid in its flow, no care lingers in the minds of the Gnostics. (Whenever) the thought (of sorrow) comes into thy breast anew, go to meet it with smiles and laughter.

The Mathnawi of Jalal’ud-din Rumi

The realm of creative personality is accounted one of the largest areas among of studies. Since, Burma (1946) reported that humor has played a definite role in inter-personal and inter-group relationships, to the present time; it has been approximately studied six hundred. Without understanding of the creative personality, the creativity is incomprehensible. The author has presented a comprehensive design for creative personality that consists fourteen categories (e.g., total motivation, openness to experience, emotional sensitivity) (Kazemi, 1997b). Selby et al (2005) state the creative personality has established itself as a major avenue of research on creativity. With respect to personality research, over the past 50-plus years, many studies have examined characteristics, attitudes, preferences, styles, and other personal qualities that appear to distinguish highly creative individuals. The research on creativity and personality involves three areas: 1) implicit examinations (e.g., Bouchard, 1972; Dudek, 1974; Davis, 1989; Fonseca, 2002), 2) examinations of the creative personality traits (e.g., Roy, 1996; Simonton, 1999), and 3) examinations of the creative personality (e.g., Halpin & Halpin, 1973; Goldsmith, 1985; Schiever, 1985; Torrance, 1995; Feist, 1999; Helson, 1999; Selby et al., 2005). According to author, reviewing of the literature indicates that there is a “hexahedral paradigm” for creativity. Seemingly, this paradigm we consider as a new base for creativity identification and development.

Describing the paradigm

This “hexahedral paradigm” comprises individual readiness, resource orientation, attitude, utilization of experiences, active mobility, and special thinking.

Individual readiness

Individual readiness refers to high ability (bio-psych readiness, high intelligence, and aptitude) and self- initiate (self-readiness, individuality, and internal incubation).

High ability Bouchard & Hur (1998) discuss that there is a connection between genetics and personality. Heritability of the continuum of introversion (as a creative personality trait) was 60%.The creativity is a whole brain process related to Walas' four process stages of creativity and the four quadrants of the Whole-Brain Model (Herrmann, 1991). In addition, Dacey (1989) discusses basic concepts of creativity included brain physiology. Seemingly, the creative personalities are more sensitive (Bachtold & Werner 1973). Lang & Ryba (1976) also indicate that there is higher sensory acuity across sensory modalities in creative persons. Goldsmith (1984) also found that the KAI correlated positively with the sensation seeking. Besides, Parnes (1971) discusses serendipity characterize the thought process of highly actualized individuals (as a creative trait). On the other hand, there is connection between high intelligence and creativity (e.g., Saltford,1981; Kazemi,1992;Maker,1993; Runco,1993; Sternberg & Lubart, 1993; Hunsaker & Callahan,1995;Hoffman, 1995; Galbraith & Wentzel,2001;Naglieri & Kaufman,2001). In the vast majority of cases have been showed that linkage creativity and aptitude (e.g., Merrifield et al., 1964; Smith, 1970; Jensen, 1973; Gordon, 1989; Webster, 1990; Kazemi, 1997c; Clapham, 2004).

Self- initiate. It is widely accepted that creativity relates to self. Creativity and self-actualization have long been associated together (Bruhn et al., 1969; Ekval, 1972; Conti & Amabile, 1999; Runco, 1999). Besides, Parnes (1971) discusses the three S's -sensitivity, synergy and serendipity- characterize the thought process of highly actualized individuals. The various coping behaviors used in facing new problems is especially pertinent to self-actualized persons and mental health.

The evidences show creativity and innovation relate to self-image (Smilansky & Halberstadt, 1986), self- concept (Schempp & Cheffers, 1982;Kazemi,1998), self-esteem (Keller & Holland,1978; Keller,1984;Helson,1999), self-determination (Sheldon,1995) and self-sufficient (Bachtold & Werner, 1973). Therefore, Sternberg (1988) presents "Mental self government" as a theory of how things fit, and as support to the idea of matching style to task (person-environment fit). Creative processes may be seen as initiating from a general drive toward self-organization through the reduction of chaos (Sternberg &Tardif, 1989).

The evidences also show that problem solving and invention relate to field independence (Smilansky & Halberstadt, 1986). OHara & Sternberg (1999) also emphasize field independence. Similarity, Runco (1999) indicates that the exceptional talents depend on independence and creativity. In addition, Feist (1999) discusses the relationship between autonomous behavior (autonomy and independence) and creative personality traits. He also explains the other related personality traits such as self-confidence, arrogance, and solitude. Likewise, the findings indicated that the committed artists demonstrated autonomy (Dudek et al., 1991). It is seemingly autonomous behavior requires uniqueness. Therefore, Skinner (1996) discusses that uniqueness seeking may be a result of innovativeness rather than a personality characteristic. Consequently, Tucker (1991) concentrates on assertiveness and Huitt (1992) discusses relationship between problem solving and decision-making. Furthermore, teachers identify Students’ mannerism such as individuality as important indicators of creative students (Westby & Dawson, 1995).

On the other hand, the creativity requires being task-focused (Sternberg & Tardif, 1989).thus, Maddi et al (1982) emphasize upon internal orientation as factor in creativity. According to" the activation personality theory", the extent and unusualness of fantasy production will be greater in persons having both a high customary level of activation and an internal orientation than it will in persons having only one or neither of these characteristics. In the same way, Bachtold (1980) discusses that introversion and high powers of attentiveness are specific trademarks of the creative personality. Equally, Miller (1992) emphasizes upon the introspection. Besides, Stohs (1991) found inner focused personality. It seems that internal orientation involves a period of incubation. As a result, Guilford (1979) overviewed and discussed incubation as a part of creative problem solving and cognitive thinking styles. In addition, Simonton (1999) discusses relationship between creativity and unconscious incubation. Thus, McClelland (1987) suggests characteristics of successful entrepreneurs include initiative.

Resource orientation

Resource orientation refers to making use of persons or things that means achieving a person-environment fit. In general, Creativity relates to family, educational, ecological, cultural, and socio-economic conditions (MacKinnon, 1975; Khire, 1979; Amabile & Gryskiewicz, 1988; Amabile, 1988; Dacey, 1989; Runco & Albert, 1990; Meyer, 1991; Bull et al., 1995; Kazemi, 1994, 1996; Amabile, 1997; Powers, 1998; Dunbar, 1999; Cramond, 2001; Fonseca, 2002; Md-Yunus, 2007).

As self-determination theory describes, the relatedness need desire have been identified as being essential for social development and personal well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2000).In addition, Mudd (1986) reviewed the KAI literature produced between 1976 and 1986. He emphasizes on the environment-styles fit. Moreover, extraverts scored higher on tests measuring verbal flexibility, fluency, and originality (White, 1968). Besides, the author discusses the influences of economic advantages on creativity (Kazemi, 1996

Instead, Jurcovç & Zelina (1993) explored climate, which may act as barrier to becoming more creative. Besides, Bachtold & Werner (1973) found that creative female authors and artists were more aloof than the general population. Feist (1999) also discusses related personality traits to creativity such as non-conformity, associability, and antisociability. In addition, Sheldon (1999) discusses how external constraints and interpersonal climate can promote conformity, thus influencing creativity in a negative way. Sheldon (1995) also found those personal goals could create a poor working environment and promote feelings of conflict within the group. In addition, James (1995) investigated the effect that conflict has on an individual's creativity. He found that goal conflict had a positive effect on creativity when task orientation matched up with individual orientation. Thus, the teachers define a creative personality as undesirable (Dettmer, 1981). Above all, Hinton (1971) showed the relationship between certain personality variables and resistance to the effects of frustration on creativity; and there are the combined effects of personality and emotional stress on creative productivity. He collected initially under neutral circumstances and again with a high amount of environmental frustration. Certain personality factors, which are not of primary importance in the determination of creative potential, are definitely important in their interaction with environmental variables, and that these have a significant effect on the determination of creative productivity.

On the other hand, Puccio & Chimento (2001) suggest a social bias wherein attributing creativity to personality traits and innovation is a valued cultural status; further, that innovators successfully promote themselves as highly creative. Nemiro (1997) also investigated the creative process of actors by examining different aspects of an actor's life. He found social influences that affected an actor's creativity. Results indicated that certain social influences (trust, freedom, respect) enhanced an actor's creativity while other influences (distrust, poor direction) inhibited performance. The individualistic advertising cultures differ in creative personalities, creative process, and use and type of agency philosophy compared to collective cultures (Ewing et al., 2001). The personalized 'space' can demonstrate creativity in the workplace (York, 2000). Besides, the author discusses disadvantages of the formal education for creativity and taking advantage of the creative peer environment (Kazemi, 1994). In addition, Helson" studied the literary works and personalities of women authors. She found non-neurotic relationships with parents. Then in a longitudinal study of these women (over the course of 25 years), she obtained family satisfaction and self esteem effect motivation, (Helson, 1973, 1999).

Some evidences emphasize on the effect of group (Street, 1974).Similarly; some evidences focus on the synergy (Parnes, 1971; Kurtzberg & Amabile, 2001). Further, Smith & Knight (1959) showed personalized feedback improved group problem solving efficiency and under certain conditions improved self-insight. Results of researches indicate that the larger the group (up to 12), the larger total productivity in terms of quantity, quality-originality of answers and new categories. As group size increased per person, contribution tended to lessen (Renzulli et al., 1974).

Attitude 

Attitude refers to cognition (and intuition), idea, and affection (motivation and emotion). Davis (1999) discusses the barriers to creativity and creative attitudes. 

Cognition and intuition

The author discusses cognitive origins of creativity that inclusive attention, perception and thinking (Kazemi, 1994). The knowledge base contributes to the development of the creative person (Stein, 1983; Feldhusen, 1995; Sternberg & Lubart, 1995). However, knowledge can be a double-edged sword (Sternberg & Lubart, 1993). Feldhusen (1995) also describes the metacognitive processing necessary for creativity to be recognized. On the other hand, the authors emphasizes upon the intuition (Sternberg & Tardif, 1989; Miller, 1992). Besides, Sternberg & Lubart (1995) suggest that the creative person relies upon intuition to guide behaviors. Moreover, Goldsmith (1985) found that intuitive would have a positive correlation with sensation seeking. Hence, Bouchard & Hur (1998) found heritability of sensing/intuition was 40%. As Dudek et al (1991) state committed artists demonstrate inspiration. The author emphasizes that developing visual skills and insight can underlie discovering truths about exist and promoting creativity (kazemi, 1996).

Idea 

Creative's believes include try to think of new ideas, and commonly try to add ideas to existing idea (Masten, 1989) idea finding (Renner, & Renner, 1971), ideational fluency (Isakson, 1977) negative correlation with the dogmatism (Goldsmith, 1984) paranormal belief (Thalbourne, 2000) and masculinity attitudes in among women authors (Helson,1973). A creative person moves into generating ideas or being divergent, and then ends with a convergence on a practical path or idea in which he/she develops a plan of action (Carson, 1999). Meadow & Parnes (1959) examined if adhering to the brainstorming principle would result in significant increments of quality and quantity of ideas. Results suggest that the course produced significant increments on the two measures of idea quantity and three of the five measures of idea quality.

Affection

Russ (1999) examined the relationship between affect and creativity through a review of the current thinking in the field. She states an integrative model of affect and creativity, which links cognitive abilities, affective processes, and global personality traits.

Motivation Results of researches indicate a relationship between motivation and creativity (Halpin & Halpin, 1973; Hurst et al., 1991; Sternberg & Lubart, 1993, 1995; Mehr & Shaver, 1996; Gedo, 1997).

The creative motivation includes innovative orientation (Keller & Holland, 1978), questioning, curiosity (Walberg et al., 1979), preference for complexity (Renner & Renner, 1971; Nicholls, 1972), motivation for uniqueness (Skinner, 1996), and aesthetics need desire (Miller, 1992).

The creative people need to discover (Kawenski, 1991), clarity (Keller & Holland, 1978), and spontaneity in a performance (Nemiro, 1997), and enjoy the process of creation and innovation (Torrance, 1972; Keller & Holland, 1978; Goldsmith, 1984; Csikszentmihalyi, 1996).

The creative person is presenting an intrinsic motivation or intrinsic task commitment (Nicholls 1972; Sternberg & Tardif, 1989; Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Amabile, 1997; Stafford, 1998; Conti & Amabile, 1999; Feist, 1999). Hence, Graves, et al (1967) suggests a Motivation Index is as a predictor of supportive value to the creativity score and Torrance (1971) suggests, “Creative Motivation Scale “is valid for its purpose as brief and coarse screening devices for identifying creative individuals.

Emotion Creativity relates to emotional (sensitivity, involvement, and stress), humor , personal conflict, inner freedom, openness , and full expression.

Levy (1983) suggests that right hemisphere processes add emotional and humorous overtones important for understanding the full meaning of oral and written communication. The two hemispheres differ in their perceptual roles but both sides are involved in the creation and appreciation of art and music. According to Herr (1981), guided imagery engages the right brain processes such as imagination, emotion, creative, and intuitive activities. It has been suggested that relationship between humor and creativity. Ziv (1984) discussed relationship between humor and creativity, in terms of personality and the creation of humor, as well as the role of humor in divergent thinking and problem solving. The fact that humor can produce intense emotional reactions demonstrates how sensitive the individual is to the fundamental meanings of humor (Levine & Redlich, 1955, 1966; Burma, 1946). In addition, Van hook & Tegano (2002) suggest that freedom of expression maybe as an important personality trait in the identification and nurturance of creative potential and problem solving in young children. Moreover, Parnes (1971) offers that a creative person posses full expression. On the other hand, Radford (2004) argues when the creative act challenges the boundaries of sense, a higher level of emotional consonance takes place. The authors emphasize on experiencing deep emotions (Sternberg & Tardif, 1989). In addition, Spotts (1972) states the "hot" divergent cognitive style was a freer, more impulsive response to stimuli involving more emotion. According to Bachtold (1980), the emotional sensitivity is a specific trademark of the creative personality. Likewise, Helson's findings indicate a correlation exists between creativity and emotional involvement (Helson, 1973).

Hinton (1971) also showed the relationship between certain personality variables and resistance to the effects of frustration on creativity; and there are the combined effects of personality and emotional stress on creative productivity. Besides, Walker et al (1995) found that the creative group would score higher on the neurotic and depressive factors. In addition, Richards & Kinney (1990) attempted to make connections between creativity and bipolar mood disorders. They suggest that mood states may enhance ones creativity. Hence, the problem-solving therapy (PST) may contribute to a greater degree than problem-focused therapy (PFT), toward a significant decrease in depression (Nezu 1986). Furthermore, Schubert (1977) discusses the relationship between boredom and creativity, through intelligence, thrill-seeking personalities, identity diffusion, and the pressure and awareness for creativity. Sternberg & Tardif (1989) state the processes involved in creation requires tension. Nemiro (1997) investigated the creative process of actors by examining three different aspects of an actor's life. A tension foften arose between an actor's personal and character identity. The actor achieved balance between their personal and character identities by developing an objective 'third' eye to monitor the tension. Similarly, Hinton (1971) reminds the combined effects of personality and emotional stress on creative productivity. Likewise, Smith & Carlsson (1987) discuss the ability of creative individuals to use stress and anxiety as a motivational driving factor of their creativity. Above all, the investigators found emotional overexcitability (OE) that seemed to be related to creative personality characteristics (Schiever, 1985). Moreover, Diamond (1996) insists the central role of repressed anger and rage in violence and psychopathology connect to creativity. He ascertains that constructiveness and destructiveness have the same source in personality/human potential. Further, Redfearn & Storr (1992) assert that all energy is potentially explosive as well as potentially creative. They offer an historical background of personal conflict in effort to encourage a creative outcome. Gelade (1997) also revealed that commercial creative have considerably higher levels of neuroticism. In review of creativity and disease, Sandblom (1997) discusses the relationship between illness and creativity: illness affects literature, art, and music. He also goes into the psychological side with a look at neuroses, psychosomatic disorder, and mental diseases. Therefore, Bachtold's study (1980) supports the relationship of psychoticism and creativity.

On the contrary, People with low levels of anxiety scored higher in creative thinking than those with high levels (White 1968). For this reason, Parnes (1971) offers that a creative person must be have psychologically healthy. A person realizes higher potential for feeling, inner freedom, openness, full expression, and sensitivity. Therefore, it is not surprising that Csikszentmihalyi (1999) lists 10 pairs of opposite traits that creative people possess.

Utilization of experiences

Curious individuals need to experience their curiosity Furthermore, utilization of experiences involves openness to experience, sensation seeking, tolerance to ambiguity, and risk taking.

Child (1965) found that variables of art background correlates with esthetic judgment and preference. The authors emphasize on being open to new experiences (Sternberg & Tardif, 1989). Gelade (1997) conducted a study to determine the personality of the commercial creative. The results revealed that commercially creative people had considerably higher levels of openness to experience than the non-creative did. Similarly, the committed artists demonstrate ability to experiment (Dudek & Royer, 1991). Likewise, Knox & Glover (1978) present a study of the effects of preschool experience on creativity among 60 black and 60 white first grade boys and girls in a rural area. Goldsmith (1985) obtained that intuitive would have a positive correlation with sensation seeking. In addition, Yuk & Cramond (2006) present a program for enlightened and productive creativity (PEPC). The PEPC describes stages through which a student is guided to solve a problem using increasingly complex observation, inquiry, and experimentation. Moreover, measures of creativity, openness to experience, and sensation seeking intercorrelate among female and male college students. Male creativity correlated most strongly with openness to theoretical and aesthetic experiences and creative thoughts. For females, creativity, openness to inner experiences, and sensation seeking moderately intercorrelate (Schaeffer et al 1976). Above all, Sandblom (1997) discusses how the theme of art depends on experience and one cannot create from nothing.

On the other hands, Keller (1984) found high performance in research and development organization concentrate with a tolerance for ambiguity. It is agreed upon, as important to creative giftedness is tolerance of ambiguity (Sternberg & Lubart, 1993; Kazemi, 1997b).

Experience often involves risk taking ( Sternberg & Tardif, 1989; Sternberg & Lubart, 1993), which relates to special type of personality. Goldsmith (1984) found Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) correlated positively with the risk taking.

Active mobility

Active mobility refers to movement, motor, physical skills, impulsiveness, hard work, high activation, and perseverance.

Niaz et al (2000) found that the mobility-fixity dimension was the most consistent predictor of academic performance with creativity scores. Niaz et al (1991) also indicated that the most mobile students performed best on creativity tests. Moreover, Bloomberg (1971) suggests that horizontal mobility may be essential in creativity.

Some of the evidences show that as increase positive attitude toward human movement and motor skill enhance creative thinking. Encouraging children to participate in meaningful decision making will increase positive attitudes toward human  movement, enhance creative thinking and self concept, and improve motor skills (Schempp & Cheffers, 1982). It has been suggested that relationship between movement and creativity (Dodds, 1978; Gowan, 1978; Ludowise, 1985; Brockmeyer, 1987; Lucky, 1990). Ewing et al (1975) indicated correlation between perceived movement and Creative Thinking. It would appear that improving creativity often caused by movement, motor skills, or hard work. Zachopoulou et al (2006) showed that physical education promotes preschool children's creativity in the early years. Physical education lessons in order to provide children with opportunities to develop their creative thinking using movement elements, motor skills, and movement exploration. The children improved their creative fluency and imagination. Besides, Waelsch (1994) discussed the notion that adversity and hard work might assist a person in achieving acts of creativity. She insisted other people who have had similar experiences where adversity nurtured their creativity.

It seems that high activation and perseverance (Sternberg & Tardif, 1989) are specific trademarks of the creative person. Bachtold (1980) examined the biographies of women who were eminent in the arts and sciences. Specific trademarks of the creative personality were high activity levels and perseverance. Stokes (1999) obtained in her empirical study to link perseverance with effective creative behavior. Therefore, teachers as important indicators of creative students identify students’ mannerisms such as spontaneity and impulsiveness (Westby & Dawson, 1995). Consequently, Maddi et al (1982) emphasize upon high activation and internal orientation as factors in creativity. Hence, Torrance has provided “Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement scale.”

On the other hands, some investigators concentrate on "motor creativity"(Philipp, 1969; Lubin & Sherrill, 1977; Lubin, 1979; Lubin & Sherrill; 1980).The motor creativity is often due to creative movement. Wang (2003) investigated the effects of a creative movement program on the motor creativity of Taiwanese preschool children using Torrance's Thinking Creatively in Action and Movement scale. Results indicated that the experimental group had significantly higher levels of motor creativity than did the control group, suggesting that the creative movement program was essential to the development of the total child.

Special thinking 

Special thinking consists firstly problem examination, secondly internal freedom to cognitive style and imagination, thirdly inner verbal spontaneity, fourthly divergent thinking, and finally ability to regress more deeply and a greater facility to return to secondary process thought with ease.

The author discusses the relationship between problem examination and creativity. Creating and developing of the “problemology” is unavoidable for promoting creativity (Kazemi, 1996). In addition, Reiter-Palmon, et al. (1998) investigated whether problem construction plays a role in how individuals interpret ill-defined, ambiguous problems in a way that fits their personality. Results suggest a positive relationship between problem construction ability and fit of the solution to personality type.

Parnes (1971) offers that a creative person posses inner freedom and openness. Treffinger (2004) proposed openness and courage to explore ideas. The innovation correlates negatively with the dogmatism (Goldsmith1984). Forisha (1978, 1983) studied and reviewed the research in creativity, imagery, cognitive styles and their inter relationship. She concludes that imagery and creativity are interrelated with other personality factors and that the relationship between creativity and imagery is central to some subjects and not to others. In addition, relationship between scientific field and imagery has been emphasized (Roe, 1951; kazemi, 1996).

Gough (1976) focuses on word association. In addition, the author emphasizes on word fluency, verbal capacity, and writing skill. According to the author, the “problemology” relates to word conceptualization (Kazemi, 1995, 1996). Renner & Renner (1971) found that creativity-training programs increase verbal fluency and flexibility should influence a person's cognitive style preferences toward complexity. Thurston & Runco (1999) focuses on the importance of flexibility in four areas. Flexibility as a cognitive processes described using divergent thinking models. Flexibility in insight problems shows the importance of not having mental blocks in problem solving. Flexibility in personality theories shows how important it is to flex in being a productive citizen, which leads to the fourth area- the importance of flexibility and human development.

Thinking styles is included one of resources that support creativity (Gautschi, 2001).The investigators emphasize upon relationship between divergent thinking and creativity (White, 1968; Nicholls, 1972; Ziv, 1984; Davis, 1989; Kabanoff & Bottger, 1991; Kazemi, 1994, 1997c; Thurston & Runco, 1999; Carson, 1999). It is seemingly that the convergent thinking, abstract, and deduction jointly can lead to creative thinking (kazemi, 1994). The special thinking involves mannerisms such as spontaneity. Furthermore, the teachers identify spontaneity as important indicator of creative students (Westby & Dawson, 1995).Creative actors place an enormous value on spontaneity in performance (Nemiro, 1997). Treffinger (2004) proposed listening to one s inner voice. As the author describes it, there is an inner verbal spontaneity.

A creative person moves into generating ideas ,digging into ideas or being divergent, and then ends with a convergence on a practical path or idea in which he/she develops a plan of action (Carson, 1999; Treffinger, 2004). Furthermore, Dudek suggests that mature artists have a greater ability to produce a better creative product because of the greater ability to regress more deeply and a greater facility to return to secondary process thought with ease (Dudek, 1984). Similarly, Sternberg & Lubart (1995) present the creative process from the perspective of the creative person who develops unusual or initially misunderstood solutions to problems. The creative processes involve an active search for gaps in knowledge, problem finding, consciously attempting to break through the existing boundaries and limitations in one s field (Sternberg & Tardif, 1989).

Integration of the paradigm: Emotion of Thought

Wallace (1979) describes underlying mental processes are common to all people in spite of individual differences in capability, intelligence, attitude, and motivation. When these processes are combined to form a single, observable entity, they can be interpreted as a universal action pattern of the mind. Educators, psychotherapists, and other individuals interested in facilitating learning can better understand and work with this universal action pattern if they plot behavioral manifestations of mental activity on a flow diagram. The diagram should represent all categories of information, which compose the experience of the mind during mental or physical action. When people understand the action pattern, they can create experiences and achieve chosen goals within limits such as time, awareness, ability, and, in the case of groups, cooperative agreement. In addition, individuals can use the action pattern as a checklist of ingredients of an intended experience and can point out areas of capability and uncertainty. When the action pattern is set in motion, it can indicate smooth flow signals including understanding, opportunity, self-responsibility, and satisfaction. It can also indicate obstruction signals including uncertainty, anxiety, anger, confusion, and vulnerability. Wallace concludes that people will develop more efficient energy movement patterns if they interpret their motivations and actions in light of their universal action patterns.

Integration of individual readiness, resource orientation, attitude, and thinking Scipio (1971) discusses divergent thinking as complex function of interacting dimensions of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism-stability. According to investment theory approach, it is overly emphasized on aspects of creativity such as intelligence, knowledge, thinking style, personality, motivation, and environment (Sternberg & Lubart, 1992). It would seem that creativity is integrated by self, motivation and thinking (Kazemi, 1997a). Besides, Parnes (1971) discusses a person who is creative is also psychologically healthy: when a person realizes higher potential for feeling, inner freedom, openness, and full expression. He emphasizes upon the three S's -sensitivity, synergy and serendipity- characterize the thought process of highly actualized individuals. The various coping behaviors used in facing new problems is especially pertinent to self-actualized persons and mental health. The humanistic approach, generally explains creative behavior relating to a person's endeavors to become self-actualized (Woodman, 1981).Then, Smith & Knight (1959) showed personalized feedback improved group problem solving efficiency and under certain conditions improved self-insight. Therefore, Sternberg (1988) presents "Mental self government" as a theory of how things fit, and as support to the idea of matching style to task (person-environment fit).

On the other hand, according to self-determination, those people who are high on the creativity are also high on self-determination. The creative’s parents also were autonomy supportive. Creative persons tend to strive for more self-determined reasons (Sheldon, 1995).Helson (1999) discusses source of motivation seems to arise from personal variables, and is significant to creative performance. Things like family satisfaction and self esteem effect motivation, which in turn affects creative behavior. Moreover, according to Amabile's componential model of creativity, three major components contribute to creativity (skills specific to the task, general or cross-domain creativity relevant skills, and task motivation). All three components contribute to creative performance, and that multiple measures of creativity taken from same person should show positive correlations (Conti et al., 1996). One of the specific components of incubation examined is the role of personal motivation to solve a problem (Guilford, 1979).The period of incubation is likely to be one of emotional discomfort. The thinker worries that perhaps the idea will never come, or that it will not be the correct idea, that even if it does come it will be too late (Sternberg & Lubart, 1993). In addition, Magyari-Beck (1988) presents a theoretical view of personal creativity, which describes it as a process that balances a tension between innovation and conservation.

Guilford (1979) also, overviewed and discussed incubation as a part of creative problem solving and cognitive thinking styles. The psychoanalytic approach usually describes creativity as stemming from the unconscious or the preconscious (Woodman, 1981).Moreover, according to attribution approach, creativity exists as a phenomenon. The personal attribution biases affect perception of what is/is not creative. It is suggested that freedom from biases may allow creative progress to flourish (Heinzen, 1995; Simonton, 1995).

Integration of individual readiness, attitude, active mobility, and resource orientation Schubert (1977) discusses the relationship between boredom and creativity, through intelligence, thrill-seeking personalities, identity diffusion, conformity, unprogrammed activities, and the pressure and awareness for creativity. According to “the activation personality theory,” the extent and unusualness of fantasy production will be greater in persons having both a high customary level of activation and an internal orientation than it will in persons having only one or neither of these characteristics. The distance traversed and number of objects handled in an unfamiliar environment will be greater in persons having both a high customary level of activation and an external orientation than it will in persons having only one or neither of these characteristics (Maddi et al., 1982).

Integration of individual readiness, attitude, active mobility, and utilization of experiences Waelsch (1994) discussed the notion that adversity and hard work might assist a person in achieving acts of creativity. She insisted other people who have had similar experiences where adversity nurtured their creativity.

The author discusses the integration of experience, activity, and sensation seeking (especially the sight) (kazemi, 1996). Goldsmith (1985) found that intuitive would have a positive correlation with sensation seeking. Yau (1991) also suggests that once internalized self-esteem, the person can take risks, and attempt the new and different, and in other words, attempt acts of creativity. Besides, Osaze (1980) examines the use of specific personality inventory tests measuring memory, motivation, creativity, and emotion as a link between course material and the students' personal experiences.

Integration of utilization of experiences, thinking, and resource orientation The economic advantages and favoring conditions develop the creativity by the learning experiences and environmental involvement (kazemi, 1996). In addition, Ferch et al (2006) present an approach to developing creativity through meaningful learning relationships that involve art, literature, dialogue, and experience. They present a model of creative teaching, Person-to-Person Learning, that includes a 3-stage process: (a) constructing the creative space, (b) engaging the learning theme, and (c) thematic closure.

According to the GAM/DP theory of creativity, promoting of creativity relates to firstly, elements of GAM, which focuses on the person, are defined and explained individually followed by a description of how they come together to form the challenged personality ,and secondly , the DP part of the theory, which focuses on society (or environment) (Therivel , 1999). Besides, Conway et al (1992) describe Person-Environment (P- E) Fit Theory. Findings indicate a relationship between level, desire of control, and stress. According to “the psycho economic theory,” a high creativity group would be one whose members have diverse backgrounds and whose level of experience vary from novice to expert. Individuals with extensive experience have a tendency to exhibit “mental inflexibility” which could tend to negative influence their ability to be creative (Rubenson & Runco, 1995).

Integration of attitude, active mobility, and thinking Carson (1999) describes that creative person start by examining the problem, then as a unit they move into generating ideas or being divergent, and then end with a convergence on a practical path or idea in which they develop a plan of action. They must remain distant from their problem and examine the issues from all perspectives.

Putting paradigm to research

On this basis and his long experiences, the author made an instrument. Analyzing the instrument indicated that there is an integrative paradigm that involves affective and cognitive domains. As far as the author concludes, he names this phenomenon in Persian, “Hayajan-e-Andisheh” (Emotion of Thought). Emotion of Thought involves “Poyaei” and “Bitabi” (in Persian) that mean Dynamism and Restlessness. There are also six components for any eras.

Dynamism

• Motion & movement desire means adventurously emotive and thrill motion desire.
• Curiosity refers to: (1) stimulating any ambiguous problem to exploration, (2) pertinacity for adventure risk taking, and (3) inconvenience curiosity thinking.
• Feeling of extra ordinary power 
• Great thought means thinking about a significant and original action for truth discovery conjugate to express emotion easily.
• Humor 
• Tendency for Experience means sensible disquiet for experiencing information and knowledge.

Restlessness

• Agitation refers to erosive agitation, continuous worry, body tremor, and less activity.
• Captivity refers to continuous mental involvement, to be worry about of problem solving, and inner rigorous speech.
• Somatic expressions of thinking mean thirst and hunger sense, headache, heartthrob, and thirsty sense in mouth.
• Misgiving means forgetfulness, amazement, and exhaustion.
• Twirling of thought (and body tremor)
• Loneliness sense refers to worrying, uneasiness, and feeling of pressure for activity.

Generally, thinking relates to emotion. Lagattuta et al (1997, 2001) found that even 3-year-olds demonstrated knowledge about connections between past events and present emotions. In addition, 4 and 6 years-olds understand the influence of mental activity on emotions. In addition, Gratton (2001) proposes one way of partly meeting them: the application of critical thinking skills to beliefs responsible for emotions.

On the other hands, kuo & Paschal (1974) explore the relationship between emotional disturbance in children and the creative thinking factors suggested by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Findings suggest that emotionally disturbed children do not use their creative energy to produce a large number of ideas with words. Besides, Elder (1997) states that we must be understand the relationships between the cognitive function and the affective dimension. Developing critical-thinking skills relates to this understanding. In this regard, Cole & Sarnoff (1980) emphasize the balance between thought and emotion is important for personal effectiveness as well as for creative productivity. Therefore, Vernon (1989) presents a comprehensive curriculum to help youngsters learn positive mental health concepts that contains activities are grouped into five topic areas: (1) self-acceptance; (2) feelings; (3) beliefs and behavior; (4) problem solving and decision-making; and (5) interpersonal relationships.

According to “hexahedral paradigm,” the creativity relates to individual readiness, resource orientation, attitude, utilization of experiences, active mobility, and special thinking. “Emotion of thought” gradually integrates the factors .Therefore, emotion of thought is seventh factor to create creativity. In other words, creation of the creativity depends on emotion of thought.

The hexahedral paradigm of creative personality

Overall, it can be concluded that in next century, firstly understanding of creativity depends on comprehension of relationship between emotion  and thinking (especially developmental-emotional examination of creativity), secondly creativity identification concerned with emotional nature of creativity , and finally creativity development relates to connection between affection and cognition (in other words, emotion and thought).

The 21st century needs “more creative explanation” for "creativity"

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[1]) Nasseroddin Kazemi Haghighi began research about giftedness, creativity and talent in 1984. Dr.Kazemi also has authored sixty two articles and five books on gifted education and psychology: Including Gifted Child Psychology and Special Education, Mathematical Talent: Identification and Development, Decision Making, Constant Marriage, and Organizational Psychology. He has established more than seventy five workshops and seminars for scholars, parents, teachers and administrative staff in giftedness and creativity development. In addition, Dr. Kazemi was Editor – in– Chief of journal of Exceptional Talents (The first scientific journal about giftedness in Asia).He has played an essential role in creativity and giftedness research, counseling, education and psychology in Iran for over 25 years. He also serves on: 1) As a member of chair committee in Iranian Association of Council Exceptional Children (I.C.E.C.), 2) Chief consultant in National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents (N.O.D.E.T), 3) Director assistant of department of exceptional children psychology and education in Science and Research University, 4) Director of selecting committee for creative teachers in ministry of education, and 5) Director of research committee for formal definition of giftedness and talent in ministry of education.